DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Essay Example

DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Paper DNR or do – not – resuscitate is a recommendation endorsed by a doctor in the patient’s medical record which indicates to the hospital staff that CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be stopped. The doctor’s order or recommendation is of great importance, while providing life enduring treatment to the patient. It prevents redundant and superfluous treatment to the patient who is dying (Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). Generally, doctors negotiate with patients with regard to possible cardiopulmonary arrest. They also discuss the procedures involved in the CPR and the patient is given a choice of treatment preferences. When a patient fails to take a decision or is incapable of taking decisions then a surrogate on behalf of the patient may take a decision with regard to the treatment preferences. It is the responsibility of the surrogate to take suitable decisions based on the previously expressed preferences of the patient. If the surrogate is ignorant about these preferences, it is essential to take decisions, which are in the best interests of the patient (Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). However, the DNR order of the doctor should not result in the cessation of the entire treatment; it should only effect an avoidance of the exercise of CPR. We will write a custom essay sample on DNR or Do Not Resuscitate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on DNR or Do Not Resuscitate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on DNR or Do Not Resuscitate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The customary treatment methods such as antibiotic administration, treatment for pains, dialysis and the use of ventilators can be continued if so warranted (Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). When CPR becomes futile and if the doctor decides that it is unnecessary then there is no need to provide this treatment to the patient. However, an opportunity is made available to the patient, his family members or any surrogate who acts on behalf of the patient to take a decision regarding the DNR order. The concerted involvement of family members arises due to the doctrine of respect for all people to play a role in decisions, which are very important to the life of the patients. It can also be termed as respect for the autonomy of the person (Do Not Resuscitate Orders). Euthanasia The word Euthanasia has its roots in the Greek word euthantos, which means easy death. It connotes an intentional act of either commission or omission, whose intent is to alleviate unbearable pain or suffering by bringing about the cessation of a person’s life. Most of the terminally ill patients prefer an easy death and such is the aim of soothing and hospital services. Nevertheless, these services would vehemently oppose any attempt to describe them as dispensers of euthanasia (Karen Chaloner, September 5, 2007). A major category of euthanasia is that of voluntary euthanasia, which denotes the use of euthanasia at the request of the terminally ill patient. It can also be defined as accelerating the dying process at the express request of the patient. Some of the moral principles that are alluded to in order to justify voluntary euthanasia are independence, rights and best interests. At present patients have the right to decide whether to accept or reject a course of treatment prescribed by the physician and many people are of the opinion that this principle should encompass the right to make an knowledgeable selection in respect of medically aided termination of life (Karen Chaloner, September 5, 2007). Furthermore, it is hypocritical to permit a passive withholding or withdrawal of treatment, whilst disallowing active measures to end life, because the end result is the death of the patient. In Airedale NHS Trust v.  Bland the House of Lords upheld the doctors’ decision to discontinue the treatment being accorded to Bland who had suffered irreversible brain damage, as a consequence of which he was incapable of feeling anything whatsoever (Airedale NHS Trust v. Bland , 1993). As per law, a doctor can effect euthanasia only by an act of omission. Living Wills The breathtaking advances made by medical technology have not only raised several moral questions, but they have also introduced a number of ethical dilemmas in the task of defining death legally (Frederick). An attempt has been underway to institute a person’s right to die, by the stratagem of living wills. An individual by means of a living will bestows upon either family members or legal figures the right to abandonment of treatment that is indispensable for supporting life. A number of States of the Union in the US have recognized the validity of such living wills, nevertheless there exist several unresolved issues in this regard (Frederick). Hospices Terminally ill patients are treated either at home, the hospitals or in hospices, which are institutions that care for the dying or the incurably ill. The medical professionals in such environments, like the physicians and the thanatologists, have to overcome their personal fear of death so that they can succor the hapless patients (Frederick). Despite the fact that physicians opine that patients should not be told about their imminent death, the general opinion being subscribed to by the public is that such disclosures have to be made to the patient. The fact is that most of the terminally ill patients are aware of the fact that their death is approaching very swiftly (Frederick). It is essential to inform patients about their approaching death, because this helps to do away with unwanted falsehoods and promotes the emergence of genuine thoughts. A terminally ill patient if provided with security and information about impending death will be enabled to meet death with equanimity and dignity. This process can be aided considerably by sympathetic physicians and men of the cloth (Frederick). Palliative care is provided with the objective of providing the patient with symptomatic relief and to improve the quality of life of the patient. Patients suffering from pain, fatigue and GI problems require palliative care. Some of the GI problems are nausea, vomiting, hiccups, cachexia, anorexia, constipation and dysphagia. These symptoms have to be treated carefully in order to ensure quality of life in the case of a dying patient. Patients who are suffering from advanced stages of cancer undergo unbearable pain. Relief and prevention of such pain would result in the improvement of their quality of life. Sometimes, such measures facilitate the person to survive and function normally (Charlton, 2/24/2006). Palliative care, being a medical approach, improves the patients’ quality of life. This approach prevents and alleviates the sufferings of patients with terminal illnesses and their families. Palliative care operates by detecting the disease in early stages, correct assessment and giving treatment to reduce the pain and other related problems whether physical, psychosocial or spiritual in nature (WHO Definition of Palliative Care). Palliative care as a distinguishing care, which is provided to a person suffering from incurable diseases, provides gentle comfort and life support to the patient as well as his family. However, palliative care neither prolongs the life of the patient nor hastens his death. It is mainly aimed to provide the patient with a reduction of pain and other corresponding problems such as depression, stomach upsets, etc. Another objective of palliative care is to help the patient and his family members with clear knowledge of the disease and tranquility of the mind (Information for the General Public). The act of making the patients’ health condition comprehensible to the patients and their family members would enable them to take a decision to either continue or discontinue the CPR treatment. In most cases, the patients and the family members will give their consent for a DNR order. In such cases, a DNR order can be issued by the doctor and it can be cosigned by the attending physician (Do Not Resuscitate Orders). Recommendations It is the right of every patient to obtain palliative sedation for pain, to be provided with sufficient pain and symptom management and to refuse treatment that sustains life. A living will helps to decide upon medical care to be adopted on becoming incapacitated and it also enables the patient to suggest a surrogate to take medical care decisions on his behalf. In respect of Euthanasia, the fact remains that people have the right to make crucial decisions regarding their life and how it should end. Therefore, if a person is terminally ill or incurably sick, he should be allowed to decide whether his life should continue or should be brought to a standstill. The provision of hospice facilities ensures that persons who are terminally ill obtain treatment that mitigates their suffering. Such treatment drastically reduces suffering in the last stages of existence of the terminally ill. The principal objective of all the above enumerated methods is to ensure that the terminally ill patients’ suffering is reduced drastically and that such persons are allowed to depart from this life in a manner that is dignified and to their liking. The major aim of these techniques is to provide the best available medical care for alleviating the suffering of those who are on the brink of death. The family members of these patients have to adopt procedures that are likely to prove most beneficial to the patients.

Outline for a Term Paper

Outline for a Term Paper Outline for a Term Paper Outline for a Term Paper Outline for a term paper is a very important element of term paper writing. Outline should be written before you start writing a term paper.   Outline will help you set the direction for the term paper writing. Using custom term paper writing services, outline is delivered for free!   site unites professional native English writers who are able to help you with term paper writing on any topic!   Our paper writing blog is free and has numerous samples and writing tips. Term Paper Sample: Free Excerpt Part of the downward trend of fertility since 1957 was a result of the compressed fertility of the baby boom. Although it is not known whether today's young couples will have appreciably fewer children than couples born during the Depression years, there are two new facts in the picture today which point toward the probability of smaller families. The first is the continuation of the relationship described by Easterlin between fertility on the one hand and the supply of and demand for labor on the other. The bumper crops of babies are now maturing and swelling the ranks of job seekers and their competitive position is much less favorable than that of their counterparts in the late forties who entered the labor force in small numbers in a rapidly expanding economy. The second factor is the Pill. There is absolutely no evidence that the advent of the Pill initiated the decline in fertility; quite the contrary, the trend was evident for several years before the Pill was used by enough women to have made any substantial impact. But by 1964 this was no longer the case and by 1969 perhaps as many as a third of married couples were using this sophisticated contraceptive. The significance of the use of this method goes beyond its high degree of effectiveness in preventing unwanted fertility. The fact of its popularity among the young means that couples are adopting this method before, as well as early in, marriage, they are developing the contraceptive habit soon enough that increasing proportions of young couples are making decisions about first and second births that were formerly left to chance. This means not only that the length of time between births is increased, but also that the attitudes of successful family planning may be carried over into the later childbearing years. Moreover, an important by-product of postponing early childbearing is that it exposes the woman more to alternative interests potentially competitive with the mother role, such as working; this should also operate to reduce fertility further. One additional observation about the near future is also in order. Not only is research on new improved contraception progressing rapidly but the possibility of legalized abortion throughout the country seems closer at this moment than it has ever been closer indeed than anyone would have guessed even a year or so ago. And if that happens, as it well may, the fertility rate will undoubtedly decline further if the level of unwanted births has remained at anything like the rate estimated for the early 1960's. Term Paper Help Online Term paper writing service is qualitative help.   Using custom term paper assistance, you get a number of free pages: outline, cover page, and references.   Our educated writers can handle virtually any topic and they are never late with paper delivery!   Our term paper writing services are affordable.

Insurance Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Insurance Theory and Practice - Essay Example Renewal rates were lower in 2006 than 2005 as the industry responds to greater competition from a number of sources. In addition, rates have stabilised because the industry's capital base has been restored thanks to internal profits after a low level of catastrophes in 2006 and 2007. Catastrophe bonds: A catastrophe bond issued through special purpose reinsurance vehicle (SPRV) is a specialized security that increases insurers' ability to provide insurance protection by transferring the risk to bond investors. Industry loss warranty contract (ILW): Unlike traditional reinsurance, where the reinsurer pays a portion of the primary company's losses according to an agreed upon formula, the ILW is triggered by an agreed-upon industry loss. Side car: Simple agreements that allow a reinsurer to transfer to another reinsurer or group of investors, such as hedge funds, a limited and specific risk, such as the risk of an earthquake or hurricane in a given geographic area over a specific period of time. Federal and State Catastrophe Funds: Many are calling for government-backed programs to assume some of the financial risk associated with natural disasters. 1.4 Post-September 11 and Natural Catastrophes The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center accelerated premium rate higher and insurers started looking accumulation-of-loss viewpoint in addition to traditional considerations, particularly in areas that may be terrorism targets. Hurricanes also have their toll on reinsurance. After Hurricane Andrewit it became clear that U.S. insurers had seriously underestimated the extent of their liability for property losses in a mega disaster. Reinsurers subsequently reassessed their position, which in turn caused primary companies to reconsider their catastrophe reinsurance needs. 2. Reinsurance "Reinsurance is a means by which an insurance company can protect itself against the risk of losses with other insurance companies" (Wikipedia). Individuals and corporations obtain insurance policies to provide protection for various risks (hurricanes, earthquakes, lawsuits, collisions, sickness and death, etc.). Reinsurers, in turn, provide insurance to insurance companies. Reinsurance is a type of risk management involving transfer of risk from insurer to the reinsurer. What that reinsurer does is to provide insurance for the insurers on the basis of a contract of indemnity. It works like this - the insurer gives the reinsurer a portion of the premium it collects from the insured and in return is covered for losses. A reinsurer enters into a

GENETIC & Molecular BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GENETIC & Molecular BIOLOGY - Essay Example The female horse has 64 diploid chromosomes and 32 chromosomes in her haploid gametes. This results in two gametes, male (31 haploids) + female (32 haploids) equals 63 diploid chromosomes in the offspring. It is important to note that the mule (generation 1 hybrid offspring of horse and ass) is not able to produce offspring. The reason for this is that the horse has 18 acrocentric autosomes while the ass has 11. This vast difference in number of acrocentric and met centric chromosomes causes a synapsis in of homologues during prophase 1 of meiosis, rendering the mule species infertile and sterile as no viable gametes can be formed. (b) This particular diagram is representative of interphase G2 (right before prophase takes place) of mitosis. This diagram shows the newly developed centrioles, and the beginning of spindle fibers. It also shows the chromosomes just beginning to line up. ( c) This diagram illustrates telophase of mitosis as it shows the beginning of cytokinesis resulting in two daughter cells. The chromosomes are also moving to opposite poles within their respective daughter cells. (1.8) The number of different gametic chromosomal combinations possible in the garden pea (male versus female) where 2n = 14 is . When n=7, one can find the number of possible combinations by using the formula 2^n or in this case 2^7, which is equal to 128. Thus, there are 128 possible different gametic chromosomal combinations in the garden pea. (1.12) In humans, there are 46 pairs of homologous chromosomes. In a human secondary spermatocyte, there are 23 chromosomes. Also in humans, spermatotids contain 23 chromosomes, spermatozoa contain 23 chromosomes and spermatagonia contain 46 chromosomes. (1.14) When looking at corn, we see that corn has a diploid number of 20 and thus a haploid number of 10 or 2n=20( as corn has diploid cells). The first meiotic product would result in a haploid cell with 10

Politics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics of the Middle East - Essay Example The intermediate power in the society such as the landed gentry, the city merchants, the tribal chiefs and others has effectively reduced the power of the state and negatively impacted the modernization (Lewis, p.225) As per the Muslim belief any fight against the belief of their religion is considered as a sacred war (jihad) (The making of a modern terrorist, p.5) Osama bin Laden's dislike against the US started from the occupation of US troops in Saudi Arabia, the holy country of Muslims, to fight against the Iraqis. Occupation of a Muslim country by an infidel superpower, led Osama in declaring holy war against US (Global Studies, 228). Terrorism in the name of Holy war started by Muslim fundamentalists prevented the Muslim community in the gulf region from concentrating in economic growth or modernization processes. The hostility of Muslim world against the US is mainly because of the US foreign policies against the Muslim countries rather than any cultural or religious differences. (Munson, p. 227) A reorientation of American policy in the Palestine-Israeli conflict can definitely bring down the violent forms of anti-American hatred. (Stanley Hoffman, 186) The advancement in communications has forced the Middle East Muslims to reassess their beliefs. The lack of communication with the external world prevented Muslims from identifying the differences between their world and the rest. (Lewis, p.227) The internet technologies provided them an opportunity for self assessment. Most of the youths who studies in western countries have contributed immensely to the changing attitudes of Muslims regarding their fundamentalism. Today's challenges for most developing countries are economic in nature. (Mediterranean Quarterly: p.124) Economic power is as important as military power. The economic power and natural resources of Middle East community has to be streamlined for the growth of their countries rather than developing fundamentalism. In short the Middle East community has immense potential for growth and modernization. But the question is how the international community can make the Muslim community aware of the dangers of terrorism in the name of holy war. Politics of the Middle East 3 Influence of developmental changes in Iraq on my life The changes, whether it is political, economical, cultural or social, happened at one country will affect peoples of other countries as well because of the global nature of the world. The implementation of globalization policies by most of the countries made it absolutely impossible for the people to stay away from developments in other countries. "In Baghdad, Iraqi Ali Rahim told CNN's John Roberts: "If the Democrats win then the American forces will withdraw from Iraq because the Democrats believe they have had a great loss in Iraq and they see it as a second Vietnam "(Simon Hooper). I know very well that the military expenses of the American troops in Iraq is been collected from the tax payers. For the reconstruction activities in Iraq, the U.S. needs to spend billions of dollars, which again should be collected from the US citizens. I think such feelings led the average American citizen vote against the republicans in the recent elections. "In a Gulf War study, the

Special Education Needs, Access and Inclusion

Special Education Needs, Access and Inclusion This assignment will address issues on dyspraxia and how children with this condition are included in mainstream schools. Firstly a brief history of dyspraxia, with some definition of dyspraxia and statistical information on the condition will ne included. Also how dyspraxia affects a child and the childs learning will be considered along side how teachers provide inclusion for children with dyspraxia. Definitions of the word inclusion will be explored, as well as the importance of a SENCO, the role and responsibilities of the SENCO and support that is provided for children with dyspraxia. Finally strategies for supporting children with this condition such as IEPs (individual education plans) will be considered. This section will discuss the history behind dyspraxia and according to BBC (2011) Dyspraxia was documented when Orton (1937, pp72) used the term congenital maladroitness. He recognised that disorders of the actual doing of a task (praxis) resulted in clumsiness. These children were called clumsy children and dyspraxia was known as clumsy child syndrome. In the USA this condition was first given recognition through the work of Strauss and Lehitinen in 1947. There are number of definitions of dyspraxia Addy (2003, p.7) states that the term dyspraxia is taken from the Greek dys meaning ill and praxis meaning doing, acting and practice. Another definition suggested by Tassoni (2003, p205) dyspraxia is a developmental disorder that affects childrens control and co-ordination of movement. Dyspraxia foundation (2011) identifies dyspraxia has an impairment or immaturity of the organisation of movement which leads to associated problems with language, perception and thought. Statistics show that boys are more likely to have dyspraxia than girls but when girls have this condition they are worst hit than boys. According to Macintyre (2001, p.12) boys: girls are affected 4:1 but when girls have the condition, they tend to be more severely affected. It is estimated that dyspraxia affects at least 2% of the general population to some degree. Macintyre (2001, p12) states that eight to ten per cent of children have some degree of dyspraxia. Dyspraxia is difficult to diagnose which is complex situation for teachers to recognise. The reasons for this are that it may get confused with other condition. Macintyre (2001, p.12) point out there is often overlap with another syndrome. Some of the characteristics of children with dyspraxia are they may have difficulty walking, hopping, skipping, throwing and catching a ball, riding a bike. Delay in using spoken language and speech that is difficult to understand. The child may bump into objects due to lack of ordination. Addy (2003, p.11) states that frequently bumps into things. The child may have difficulty in doing fine-motor skills activities such as tying shoelaces or buttoning clothing. They may have difficulty with handwriting. Poor sense of direction and they may find it difficult to organise themselves and their work. The affects of dyspraxia on the child are that speech difficulties can interfere with casual conversation, which can result in social awkwardness and unwillingness to risk engaging in conversation. Writing difficulties such as poor letter formation, pencil grip and slow writing can make school work frustrating. Tassoni (2003, p206) states that older children may find it difficult to produce legible handwriting. The child may have low self-esteem Tassoni (2003, p.208) argues that children with dyspraxia can develop low self esteem. The child may have emotional and behavioural difficulties according to Tassoni (2003, p206) children may show inappropriate behaviour this can be a result of frustration. Other factors that affect children with dyspraxia, the condition can make it difficult for children to develop social skills, and they may have trouble getting along with peers. While they are intelligent, these children may seem immature and some may develop phobias and obsessive behaviou r. However many young people with dyspraxia may also have the added stress of dealing with coordination problems which may be problematic in physical education classes and other sports activities. Addy (2003, p.11) argues that difficulty in physical education relating to hopping, jumping and balancing. The child may have weaknesses in comprehension; information processing and listening can also contribute to the difficulties experienced by people with dyspraxia. Children with dyspraxia may have difficulty planning and completing fine motor skill tasks. There are two vital pieces of legislative frameworks which have been put in practice to improve the opportunities of those with special educational needs. SEN Disability Act 2001 this act gives disabled children the opportunity to go to mainstream schools and be educated. The local education authority will provide information to the parents and children. This has helped because the child has the opportunity to be educated in mainstream school and work with other children without disability. Another document which contributed towards the right of child with special educational needs is the SEN Code of Practice 2001 which should be followed by every school in the UK. It is aimed to strengthen the right of the disabled child to be educated in mainstream schools where it is appropriate. Although there will still be vital roles for special schools. This can be practiced in schools by the teacher giving information to parents if they believe that their child may have difficulties and may need additional support in school, which the parent should confirm if that is fine with them. The teachers should not discriminate the child who has a disability by underestimating their achievement because they are able to achieve anything that the other children can achieve so it is important not to stereotype. The quote that has been used is educators to inform parents when they make special educational provision for children. This has helped because it has given the opportunity for disabled children to go to normal schools also the teacher must ask permission before taking any action such as putting a child on IEPs. Another issue can be the strategies for supporting children with dyspraxia and removing the barrier to inclusion. The child can be put on IEP plan which describes the goals the staff have set for the child for the school year, as well as any special supports that are needed to help achieve these goals. A child who has difficulty learning and functioning and has been identified as a special needs child is the perfect person for an IEP. The identification and assessment depends on the childs needs, a number of specialists may be involved in the assessment plan. These specialists could include a resource teacher, reading clinician, speech-language pathologist and psychologist. Different professionals are qualified to assess different areas of the childs development. For example, a psychologist assesses a childs cognitive ability or potential. A classroom teacher or resource teacher can assess childrens learning skills or how they learn. An assessment may be done for the following reason s to find out whether the child has a special learning need, to identify the childs current capabilities, skills, and needs finally to find out how those special learning needs affect the childs ability to learn and function in school. Statementing is a recognised procedure of intervention amongst the local education authority and the parents it plans to spot the areas of need and find a treatment. The SENCO will take responsibility for this a statement of special educational needs is a document that sets out the childs needs. The child may have a statement for his or her whole school career, or for just a part of it. Through their annual reviews of the childs statement, the LEA may decide that your child can continue to make good progress with the extra help that an ordinary school can provide within the resources generally available to them. The 3 stages leading to statementing are Early Years Action take places if the childs rate of progress is well below what is expected for children of a similar age and it becomes necessary to take some action which is additional to or different from that usually used. The cause for Early Years Action are when a child makes little or no progress even when different teaching approaches have been tried, continues working in certain areas at levels well below that expected of children of a similar age. Early Education Action Plus occurs when, after talking with parents at the meeting where the Individual Education Plan (IEP) is looked at again, a decision is made to ask for help from outside society. When Early Years Action Plus takes place, advice should always be asked of specialists. The cause of Early Years Action Plus are when a child continues to make little or no progress in certain areas and continues working at Early Years Curriculum levels well below that expected of children o f a similar age. Statutory assessment a statutory assessment becomes necessary when the nursery class or school is not able to provide all the support your child needs. But some parents may worry about their child with special educational needs, education and concerns about schooling, including whether special schools or mainstream education are the best option for their child. According to SENDA 2001 this has set out changes to education for children with SEN in England. It also brings access to education within the responsibility of the Disability Discrimination Act, making it unlawful for education providers to discriminate against disabled children. Support groups can help parents who have special needs children because they will have the opportunity to meet people and socialise with them due to their child having special needs condition which will help the parent to rise self esteem and self confidence. Inclusion this is when the children mix freely with each other and are taught in same groups. There are three types of integrations which are location, social and functional. Location integration children are taught on the same site or schools, social integration children meet at lunch time, playtimes, school plays and assemblys finally functional integration the children are mixing freely with each other and are taught in the same groups. More children with disability have the opportunity to go to mainstream school because the SEN and disability act states that the right of a disabled child to be educated in mainstream schools. Teachers and TAs can help to provide inclusion for children with dyspraxia by being sensitive to a pupils limitations and considering how to provide the best chances of success. In PE, for example, positioning can make a big difference. In the classroom, it is often writing that presents the most obvious problems, so the teacher should think about: the pupils sitting position: both feet on the floor, table and chair height appropriate, sloping writing surface may help. Anchoring the paper or book to the table to avoid slipping, providing a cushion (an old magazine, used paper stapled together) to write on. The writing implements the grip (try different sizes of pen and pencil and various types of grips available from LDA); avoid the use of a hard-tipped pencil or pen. The teacher can provide children with opportunities for practising handwriting patterns and letter formation. The teacher can also provide guide-lines to keep writing straight. The teacher can limit the amount of writi ng required by providing ready-printed sheets or alternative means of recording. Teaching keyboard skills and providing alternative keyboards. Macintyre (2001, p.45) state that opportunities for oral reporting or using a computer are often the best ways to prevent good writing. On the other hand the teacher needs to be careful not to discriminate the child by not providing for their needs. This can occur if a child is disabled and the teacher has lowered the childs ability due to his or her condition and not involve the child fully in group discussion. Which can affect the child by losing self esteem and they will feel that he or she has the ability to do much harder work also be upset and feel left out. This can be avoided by the school having a strong equal opportunity policy. There are number of classroom support strategies for helping children with dyspraxia to succeed in schools. Handwriting difficulties the child can practice using multi-sensory letter formation e.g. sandpaper letters, sky writing. The use of pencil grips will help, writing lines, stencils. Difficulty walking in straight line bumps into people and things another problem may be difficulties running, hopping, jumping, catching/kicking balls. Strategies to support the child the teacher can provide balance or wobble boards, walking on the line and hand to hand throwing using bean bags or water-filled balloons. The role and responsibilities of the SENCO is to be responsible for seeing that all children with special educational need are being helped appropriately, ensuring contact with parents and other professionals. Talking to and advising any member of staff who is concerned about a child. Tassoni state that to be able to lead, motivate and inform other member of staff in matters relating to SEN. Ensuring relevant background information about individual children is collected, recorded and up-dated. They should act in a professional and ethical manner with due regard to confidentiality, data protection and human rights. In conclusion dyspraxia is very difficult condition to identify because it may be confused with other conditions. Schools can provide inclusion for children with dyspraxia as long as they change the way they teach children. In my opinion I think that children with dyspraxia are capable of studying in a mainstream school. Whilst doing this assignment it was difficult to find resources on dypraxia.

Improving Our Ability to Make Decisions Essay -- Decision Making Proce

Decision-Making Process: Improving Our Ability to Make Decision Facing a situation, you have to decide. For example, the fire surrounds you: What do you do? Jump through the windows and risk to kill yourself or to wait the firemen and risk to be burned to death if they come to late? Every decision that we make or don’t make shapes our future. Everyone tries to make good decisions. However, it is easy to overlook an important factor, miss a desirable option, or base the decision on unreliable information. In addition, fear of making a wrong choice can cause someone to postpone decisions, leading to miss opportunities. A businessperson must have the ability to make decisions under the pressure of time and circumstances. This ability needs a good knowledge of the decision making process. From a practical point-of-view, of the most important human skills is decision-making. Both at a personal level and in context of organizations, decision-making skill strongly affects the quality of life and success. Decision-making is the process by which a person or group recognizes a choice, gathers information, analyzes the data, and determines the best option to choose. The decision-making process employs high levels of critical thinking skills and problem-solving techniques. Decisions are guided by several factors, primarily the significance of the issue, the impact the decision may have, and the person's or group's morals and cultural norms. For less significant decisions that have little impact, people might not invoke the higher thinking skills that theorists expect (Decision-Making 2015). Flipping a coin, hoping for a miraculous sign, following the crowd, or by passing the responsibility to someone else are all means of making decisions. For more important decisions with gr eater impact, people often employ more advanced thought processes like those demonstrated in decision-making models by social psychologists and behaviorists. Most theories accept the idea that decision-making consists of a number of steps or stages such as improving creativity, critical thinking skills, and problem solving techniques. It is well recognized that routine cognitive processes such as memory, reasoning, and concept formation play a primary role in decision-making (Decision-Making 2015). Leaders know in their gut that creativity and innovation are the life blood of their o... ...d are seldom subject to critical review. As a result, managers frequently have a difficult time improving their decision-making capacity. Good business decisions are the heart of a successful organization. Without a process decisions may be made by the most powerful or influential person in the group or not made at all. Good decision-making is a balance between getting the most of what we want with as little risk as possible. It means that we include the right people and use a process that encourages participation while keeping or focus clearly on the decision at hand. This allows people to make the decision with a high degree of confidence and efficiency. Works Cited:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Critical Thinking Skills. (2015). Web. March 7, 2015 http://www.everesttraining.com Decision-Making. (2015). Web. March 7, 2015 http://tip.psychology.org/decision Problem Solving and Decision Making. (2015). Web. March 8, 2015 http://www.cob.tamucc.edu/rallen/ Tubbs, S.L. (2004) A Systems Approach to Small Group Interaction. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Corporation. Welch, D. (2001). Decisions, Decisions: The Art of Effective Decision Making New York State. Prometheus Books.

Manufacturing and Packaging Line

CASE ANALYSIS MEMO – SESSION 06 Keurig 2012. 11. 07 Entrepreneurial Management Dr. Sean M. Hackett Waseda Business School, MBA Fall, 2012 Panjapol wariratanaroj (pe)– #35112329-5 JOanna chen (joanna)– #35112318-7 li wei– #35122327-5 kemal SADULLAYEV (kemal)– #35129403-1 Gaetano d’imprima (tano)– #35129755-8 I. Identify/Define the Key Issues/Situation Analysis A. Key issues that will impact Keurig to survive, thrive and grow †¢ Strong bargaining power from a supplier: MTS, being the only supplier for the K-Cup packaging line, has a control over the machine.Having no substitution plan in place, Keurig is forced to follow MTS’s request to fulfill the K-Cup manufacturing capacity. †¢ Difficult to ‘reverse engineer’ the manufacturing technology: despite the alternatives of having new K-Cup suppliers, there is no assurance that the new suppliers could complete the project on-time and on-budget as the learning cu rve is hard to be built at an initial stage. †¢ Delays in the full roll-out of the new coffee brewing system: delays in manufacturing lines (both K-Cup’s production and brewing machines) caused a subsequent delay in distributing goods to consumers.Thus, it created risk of losing market opportunity to other competitors. B. Critical Success Factors †¢ Quality of the final product: despite marketing efforts and distribution channels, if either the final product (coffee) tastes bad or the brewer does not perform well, it can’t be sold. †¢ Consistent and sufficient funding prior to the product launch: in order to create an impact to the coffee market, the large amount of funding is required to support the operations. Ability to bring a brewer’s price down in a consumer segment while keeping the good quality product: considering the high quality coffees, people are more likely to purchase a less expensive household version especially at a supermarket or grocery, which has the highest percentage for buying locations. II. Mobilize Strategic Choices A. Choice 1 – Work with multiple packaging line manufacturers at the same time and take advantage of the brewer that would take Keurig more seriously – Pilla. 1. Significance of choice 1 †¢ The supplier in less favorable financial situations is more likely to pay attention to Keurig’s needs.In this case, Pilla also possesses the capability to support the brewer production. †¢ Keurig can prepare Pilgrim and Quantum for future production while MTS is currently manufacturing the K-Cup packaging lines. This will cover the delay time needed by Pilgrim and Quantum to deliver future productions. †¢ More risk averse, multiple suppliers will decrease Keurig’s dependency on suppliers. Delivery time and costs can be more efficiently managed. Also, Keurig can observe suppliers’ efficiencies before deciding the major supplier. †¢ Multiple packagin g lines can provide larger supply of K-cups for future expansion. . Reasons why choice 1 may not be optimal †¢ More price negotiations and work in progress varied by suppliers. Also, the working procedures may be different and buyers-suppliers relationship may be more complexed.†¢ The standard of the final products can be varied by suppliers due to a slight difference in manufacturing capability and technology. †¢ The financially unstable suppliers can be unreliable. For example, they may be in risk of facing bankruptcy, or they may lower SG&A expenses and it will affect the operations. B. Choice 2 – Continue cooperation with MTS and change brewer to Pilla . Significance of choice 2 †¢ Does not waste time on searching for alternative packaging line manufacturers. Hence, avoid the time to be consumed by ‘reverse engineering’ process. †¢ MTS already has experience in making the first packaging line. Moreover, the product quality delivered b y MTS is already known and acceptable. †¢ Good communication with MTS would ensure on-time delivery of future packaging lines. †¢ Enjoy cost-benefits from possibility of lower price from Pilla. 2. Reasons why choice 2 may not be optimal †¢ MTS still have very large bargaining power for future productions.Thus, the cost for K-Cup packaging line activities could be driven up significantly. †¢ Pilla, being financially insecure, can be a risk for the roll-out schedule in case there is a problem in the manufacturing processes as it links to the packaging line. †¢ Single packaging line supplier and brewer means lower production capacity compared with Choice 1, this would limit Keurig’s future expansion plans to go into the consumer market. C. Choice 3 Internalize brewer production and work with multiple packaging line suppliers 1. Significance of choice 3 Keurig will gain more control over the production because it’ll be easier to forecast production capacity and there’ll be more inventory control. †¢ Kuerig already have the people and the capabilities that it needs.†¢ Finally gaining the learning curve: product brewers will help Keurig to reduce its production costs and thanks to this reduction it’ll be easier to sell more brewers to distributors at less price and less defected products. †¢ Working with multiple suppliers on the packaging line side will give them less bargaining power making us more â€Å"independent†. 2. Reasons why choice 3 may not be optimal A big amount of investment required in terms of money to internalize the production †¢ Keurig need to buy new assets and it will need time to set-up the production in the new factory. †¢ Keurig will face the risks concerning the manufacturing activity. III. Recommend a Specific Strategic Choice Recommendation: . Choice 1 – Work with multiple packaging line manufacturers at the same time and take advantage of the brewe r that would take Keurig more seriously – Pilla. 1. Keurig will be much more independent and it’ll not face again another situation as those encountered with Vandelay and MTS.This choice, even if could be risky at the beginning due to possible delays in the delivery of the complete brewer system (K-cup+Brewer), will ensure Keurig not to rely too much to only one supplier with a lot of bargaining power. 2. Relying on many suppliers will give Keurig much more control over their suppliers’ prices, unleashing a competition between them to gain more and more orders. It’ll also help Keurig to draw up more precise budgets and business plans that will not be affected by suppliers’ whims. 3. Thinking on a future expansion, Keurig need to find new suppliers who can easily support the capacity it needs. Risks/Limitations: . Even if it is a good time to find new suppliers, the moment is very risky because we have a schedule that we need to respect to start bui lding the company reputation.Delays and other on-the-road problem with the new suppliers could be fatal for Keurig. 2. Some of the new suppliers suffer financial problems that, if not solved, can surely affect Keurig. A. Recapitulation of why this choice is the right recommendation We have a marketing plan that can be fulfilled only if everything on the supply side goes as it was supposed to. In order to penetrate the market K-cups will be sold to the Office Manager at a price of 0. 0$, with no charge to the coffee machine. The price of a cup of coffee is higher than our direct competitors but compared to other premium coffee (as Starbucks) the quality is very high and the people who tried our coffee â€Å"loved† it. The wholesale price to the OCS distributors and to the Food Service suppliers will be at 0. 25$ per cup and initially we will give them the machine for free if they buy a certain amount of cups. That’s the real marketing strategy, because distributors play a central role in this industry, so we need to be able to offer (actually fill them up with) machines so they’ll push hard to introduce it inside the market.The free machine plus high margin (100%) per K-Cup will help us penetrate the market. However to do so we need an efficient supply chain that could grow with us and not take advantage of us. We need to take the risk and diversify our suppliers so we will be able to give our machines for free to distributor. We also need to get ready with our capacity for when the demand will grow. We can’t manage such changes in our business plan if we are to haggle with insolent suppliers.

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