The Meaning And Concept Of Agricultural Income Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2242 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Agricultural income is exempt under the Income Tax Act, which means that income earned from agricultural operations is not taxed. Agricultural income has been defined under section 2 clause 1A of the Income Tax Act. As per Section 2 (1A), Agricultural Income means  [1]  : Any rent or revenue derived from land which is situated in India and is used for agricultural purposes. Any income derived from such land by agricultural or the performance by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind of any process ordinarily employed by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind to render the produce raised or received by him fit to be taken to market or the sale by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind of the produce raised or received by him, in respect of which no process has been performed other than a process of the nature described in paragraph (ii) of this sub-clause ; any income derived from any building owned and occupied by the receiver of the rent or revenue of any such land, or occupied by the cultivator or the receiver of rent-in-kind, of any land with respect to which, or the produce of which, any process mentioned in paragraphs (ii) and (iii) of sub-clause (b) is carried on : Provided that the building is on or in the immediate vicinity of the land, and is a building which the receiver of the rent or revenue or the cultivator, or the receiver of rent-in-kind, by reason of his connection with the land, requires as a dwelling house, or as a store-house, or other out-building, and the land is either assessed to land revenue in India or is subject to a local rate assessed and collected by officers of the Government as such or where the land is not so assessed to land revenue or subject to a local rate, it is not situated in any area which is comprised within the jurisdiction of a municipality (whether known as a municipality, municipal corporation, notified area committee, town area committee, town committee or by any other name) or a cantonment board and which has a population of not less than ten thousand according to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published before the first day of the previous year ; or in any area within such distance, not being more than eight kilometres, from the local limits of any municipality or cantonment board referred to in item (A), as the Central Government may, having regard to the extent of, and scope for, urbanisation of that area and other relevant considerations, specify in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette This paper will be structured so as to understand the meaning behind the above mentioned provisions. It shall broadly be divided into rent on revenue derived from land income derived from agricultural land for agricultural operations income from farm building once this understanding is gained, the researcher would dwell upon what would amount to agricultural income and what wou ld not amount to agricultural income as well as income that would amount to part agricultural and part business and would end by discussing the understanding that the researcher has gained with regard to the meaning and concept of agricultural income through the course of this assignment. Agricultural Income Rent on Revenue Derived from Land: As per Section 2 (1A)(a) there seem to be three criteria laid down (i) rent or revenue should be derived from land (ii) land situated in India (iii) the land should be used for agricultural purposes. Revenue is said to be derived from the land if it is effective and immediate source of income and not if it is indirect or secondary. Rent received in cash or kind amounts to agricultural income as long as the remaining criteria are satisfied. Rent from sub-lease would also be considered as agricultural income. In Durga Narain Singh v. CIT  [2]   revenue the term is used in a broader sense of return, yield or income, and not in the sen se of land revenue  [3]  indirect revenue such as income derived from dividend paid by a company from agricultural income would not be agricultural income as the direct source of income would be through the shareholding.  [4]  But the surplus income received from the sale of agricultural land would not amount to agricultural income; this is so because it does not meet the criteria as laid down in Section 2(1A) of the Act. The second criteria situated in India. From the simple reading of the section it can be understood that this criteria not only applies in sub-clause (a) but also in (b) and (c). this would mean that any income earned from agricultural land outside of India would be taxed and not exempt under Section 10(1) it would be taxable depending upon the residential status of the recipient. The primary condition for exemption remains that the land in question is to be used for agricultural purposes keeping this in mind it is essential to understand what would co me under agriculture or rather the meaning of agriculture. The terms agriculture and agricultural purposes have not been defined under the Act. Under the circumstances it is necessary to understand their meaning in common parlance. It is to be noted that the term agricultural has varied definitions and it has a narrow sense as well as a broad meaning. Wider sense comprising of all activities related to land such as horticulture, livestock, husbandry, etc. Bhagawati, J had put an end to the above disparity in definition by laying down the following principles in CIT v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy  [5]  he stated that there would be basic operations (expenditure of human skills, labour upon land itself, tilling of land, sowing of seeds, etc.) and subsidiary operations (weeding, removal of undesired undergrowth, pruning, etc.) which would form one integrated activity. Basic operations or subsidiary operations alone cannot constitute a land being used for agricultural purposes and hence income from it would not be agricultural income. He also went on to say that agriculture does not merely include food and grain. It is to be construed as all products of land that could be used for consumption, trade and commercial assets. He also stated that breeding, dairy farming, etc might have an association with land but by themselves keeping in mind the above mention basic and subsidiary operations they would not constitute as agriculture. Income derived from agricultural land for Agricultural Purposes: under Section 2(1A)(b) there are three instances of agricultural income: income derived by agriculture: income derived from agriculture (to determine if income derived is agricultural income one has to apply the principles as seen in the case CIT v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy  [6]  ) from land which is situated in India and is used for agricultural purposes. income derived from market process: sometimes a produce needs to be altered to make it a marketable commodity. The income received from this would also be agricultural income subject to the following conditions the process must be one which is ordinarily employed the process must be applied to make the product fit to be taken to market E.g.: tobacco leaves need to be dried before they are fit for market consumption. Other instances of ordinary process would be cleaning, drying, boiling, etc. if process is performed on a product that can be sold in market in its raw from then it would be part agricultural and part non-agricultural income.  [7] income from sale of agricultural produce: income from sale of agricultural produce would be agricultural income and if any process is employed which would not be necessary for the produce to be made saleable (the produce has market value in its original form) then it would be part agricultural and part non agricultural income.  [8] Income From Farm Building: annual value of house property would be taxable under Section 22. The exception is when house property satisfies conditions as given under Section 2(1A)(c), it would be treated as agricultural income and would be exempt from tax virtue of Section 10(1). The building is occupied by the cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind. It is on or in the vicinity of land situated in India and used for agricultural purposes. Cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind, due to his connection with the agricultural land requires the building as a dwelling house, store house or other out-building. Land needs to be asses to local revenue or rate. If this is not done, then it is alternatively to be situated outside of an urban area It is to be noted that the building is to be used only for agricultural purposes and if used for any other purpose such as renting it out as a residence, etc. then it would become taxable. Income Agricultural or Non-Agricultural The terms agriculture and agricultural income have not been defined within the Income Tax Act, 1961. But these terms find their definition within the judicial decision given by Bhagawati, J. in CIT v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy  [9]  where in four principles (Basic operations, Subsequent operations, agriculture not merely includes food and grains and mere connection with land not sufficient) were laid down to better understand the terms. In this case, denuded parts of the forest were replanted and subsequent operations in forestry were carried out. The income which was received from the replanted trees was determined to be agricultural income. There are various other examples through judicial decisions with regard to what would amount to agricultural income. Some instances would be as follows. In CIT v. Rai Shamsherjang Bahadur  [10]  the matter before the court was if the fees collected from the owners of cattle normally used for agricultural purposes was permitted to graze upon forest land grass that grows spontaneously would amount to agricultural income. The c ourt had decided that the same would amount to agricultural income. Share of Profits from a firm, the interest on capital from a firm are also considered to be agricultural income. The share of profit of a partner from a firm engaged in agricultural operations similar to salary received by him for rendering services is agricultural income.  [11]  This is so because payment of salary to a partner represents the special share of profits a firm has. The salary which is paid retains the same character as the income of the firm and hence remains agricultural income. The same would be the case with regard to interest on capital received by a partner from the firm engaged in agricultural operations.  [12] There has been judicial controversy as to if income from nurserys would amount to agricultural income within the definition given under Section 2 (1A). this was settled with the amendment brought about to Section 2 (1A) with effect from assessment year 2009-10 which provided t hat any income derived from sapling or seedlings grown in a nursery shall be deemed to be agricultural income.  [13]  As per the amendment whether basic operations are carried out or not, the income received would be treated as agricultural income and would qualify for the exemption under Section 10(1). On the other hand dividends paid by a company are considered to be non-agricultural income as they do not meet the criteria and have no direct relation with the agricultural land.  [14]  There are various other instances of non-agricultural income such as interest arrears  [15]  (interest on arrears is neither rent nor revenue derived from land), Purchase of standing crop  [16]  (purchase of standing crop and its sale later show no interest in land except a mere license to enter upon it and gather the produce), fisheries  [17]  , poultry farming, toddy tapping  [18]  , etc. Income which is partially agricultural and partially from business: if the income receipts comprise of both agricultural and non agricultural elements, then it has to be looked at separately and the agricultural income part of it must not be taxed.  [19]  Similarly when a man subjects agricultural produce to a manufacturing process before selling it, then the profits on sale would have to be disintegrated and the portion attributing manufacturing process would have to be taxed and the remainder would have to be exempt as it would pertain to agricultural income. In the instances where a company produces tea leaves and manufactures tea, the income received would have to be divided and 40% of it would be considered to be income from the manufacturing process and the remainder would be looked upon as income from agriculture.  [20]  Growing and manufacturing tea is covered under Rule 8 of the Income Tax Rules, 1962. Rule 7A provides for the manufacture of rubber. Of the income computed, 35% would be taken as taxable income and the remainder would be par t of agricultural income. Rule 7B deals with growing coffee in India. The income derived from growing and curing coffee of which 25% of the total income derived would be deemed to be income liable to tax and the remainder is deemed to be agricultural income. Income from coffee grown, cured, roasted and ground in India whether it is mixed with chicory or other flavoring or not would be treated as business and 40% of the income would be taxable and the remainder would be agricultural income. Rule 7 provides for any other cases. For disintegrating a composite business income which is partially agricultural and partially non-agricultural, the market value of any agricultural produce, raised by the assesses or received by him as rent-in-kind and utilized as raw material in his business, is deducted. No further deductions is permissible with regard to any other expenditure incurred by the assesses as cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind. Conclusion Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Meaning And Concept Of Agricultural Income Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Human Nature Of Human Rights - 1970 Words

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Baseball Is America s National Pastime - 976 Words

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The Anti Heroes Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood Are Perry...

There are many novels wherein the main character in an anti-hero. Anti-heroes are the twisted versions of wholesome protagonists; protagonists have pure ideals and motives, while an anti-hero’s end motives usually justify the morally grey means that he or she achieved them by. The readers of such novels usually root for the seemingly villainous protagonist, this â€Å"anti-hero†. The anti-heros in Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood are Perry Smith and Dick Hickock. These two men are reported to be cold blooded killers in this nonfiction novel, and yet many readers root for these anti-heroes, thanks to Capote’s retelling of events. Truman Capote attempts to humanizes these killers by sharing their pasts with the reader, which trigger sympathy or hatred, depending on how Capote portrays them In order to humanize the killers, Capote gives background stories on their lives, which trigger sympathy in Perry’s case. Perry first reads a letter from his father to the Kansas State Parole Board, written the first time Perry was held in Lansing, for larceny, theft, and jailbreak. Perry’s father writes about how Perry’s mother fell to drinking and split the family, and how Perry had to live moving from city to city, hunting and trapping. Perry’s father Tex John Smith writes â€Å"How well I know that Perry is goodhearted if you treat him rite. Treat him mean and you got a buzz saw to fight†¦ He knows life is to short to sweet to spend behind bars ever again† (Capote 130). This letter humanizes

Integrate Risk Management Strategic Planning †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Integrate Risk Management Strategic Planning. Answer: Introduction Integrating risk management into strategic planning isnt the same as assessing risks. Risk management is a journey that is dependent on variables that are constantly changing with times and affecting factors. The NZIPAP: is based in a strategic plan established so as to help the government in outlining the measures that will be considered when responding to pandemics. This helps in risk management, as it contains government approach to planning, preparation and coordination of arrangements in response to an occurrence of a pandemic(Alexei, 2017). NZIPAP also provides a framework for all possible action during the on sight of an epidemic. This is inclusive of international specifications for guidance and relevant course of action in each phase(The Ministry of Health, 2010). At the same time, individual agencies have their own handbooks, manuals and response plans. Each and every one of those information documents provides them with information that correlates to that contained in the pandemic plan. This to minimize deaths, serious illnesses and community disruptions(The Ministry of Health, 2010). More to that, NZIPAP coordinates with the National health emergency plan in creating a guideline for health and stability sector in planning a response to health-related risks. It clarifies on New Zealand emergency management, specifies roles and responsibilities required of different groups and information structure, in order to support the agencies and other organizations(Rost, 2017). Conclusion Its important to create a relationship between strategic plan and risk management of activities in order to achieve effectiveness of facilitating events. References Alexei, S. (2017). Four steps to integrate risk management into strategic planning. Continuity Central, 1. Rost, M. (2017). 5 steps to effective strategic risk management. Workiva, 1. The Ministry of Health. (2010). New Zealand Influenza Pandemic Plan: A framework for action (2nd ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay With Icebreaker Example For Students

Anorexia Nervosa Essay With Icebreaker Everybody eats. However, according to the human behavior, there are huge differences between people. Some eat more, some eat less, some put on weight easily, and other does not. And some people go to such extremes that they harm themselves, by eating too much or too little. As a result they may harm their health and come to the attention of doctors. This research deals with anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that usually strikes women. Of the seven million women aged 15 to 35 who have an eating disorder, many will die from the complications of anorexia. Anorexia may not be noticed in the early stages because it often starts as an innocent diet. They often become hyperactive because they exercise frantically in an attempt to burn calories to lose weight. There are many reasons as to why women develop anorexia nervosa. One is that it is dieting taken to a dangerous extreme. Another is that societal pressures dictate a woman be thin in order to be beautiful the waif look was recently popular. But what these theories come down to is an issue of control. Whatever else is going on in the anorexics life, the one thing that she feels she can control is food. Anorexia begins with the everyday dieting that is so much a part of teenager life. About a third of anorexia sufferers have been overweight before starting to diet. Unlike normal dieting, which stops when the desired weight is reached, in anorexia the dieting and the loss of weight continue until the sufferer is well below the normal limit for her age and height. The tiny amount of calories that she is taking in may be disguised by the quantities of fruit, vegetables and salads that she eats. Also, she will often exercise vigorously or take slimming pills to keep her weight low. Moreover, in spite of her own attitude to eating, she may take an avid interest in buying food and cooking for others. There are many diagnostic criteria on anorexia nervosa if people have this kind of sickness. First of all, they are refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. For example, weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected. Besides, they have intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. For most sufferers it will be important to discuss things that may be upsetting them. For examples boys, school, self-consciousness, family problems, etc. Although technically the word anorexia means loss of appetite, sufferers with anorexia actually have a normal appetite, but drastically control their eating. According to the research paper, anorexia nervosa is not biological and hereditary. The most important reasons are peoples psychological thinking. In societies, which do not value thinness, eating disorders are very rare. In surroundings such as ballet schools, where people value thinness extremely highly, they are very common. Generally in Western cultures thin is beautiful. Television, newspapers and magazines are full of pictures of slim, attractive young men and women. They push miracle diets and exercise plans to enable us to mould our bodies to the pattern of these artificial, idealized figures, to conform to the shape the media tell us we should be. As a result, almost everybody diets at some time or other. It is easy to see how this social pressure might cause some young women to diet excessively and eventually to develop anorexia. .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .postImageUrl , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:hover , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:visited , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:active { border:0!important; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:active , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles By Susan Glaspel EssayThere are at least 8,000,000 or more anorexia nervosa victims in the world nowadays. It is estimated that six percent of serious die. There are ninety percent are women. Male cases are being reported with increasing frequency. Therefore, eating disorders can lead to death or life-long problems in the self-starver and even in those of normal weight whom compulsively binge and purge, but it can be cured. If someone has become excessively thin and her periods have stopped, it makes sense for her to try to get back to somewhere near an acceptable weight. To help with this, medicine cannot help to solve this sickness. The most important thing is that the sufferers themselves. They have to learn the consequences of not eating. Then, they will make the right decision consciously. First of all, both she and her family will first need information. What is a normal weight for her? How many calories are needed each day to get there? For many suffers, the most important question is, How can I make sure that I dont shoot past that weight and become fat? In anorexia, the patient has excessive control of her eating. How can she ease up? For youngsters still living at home, it is the parents job to watch over the food that is eaten, at least for a while. This involves both making sure that she has regular meals with the rest of the family, and that she gets enough calories. Mounds of lettuce can b e very deceptive. It is also important that the family see the psychiatrist regularly both to check on weight and for support, as having an anorexic in the family can be extremely stressful. Besides this, parents should encourage their anorexic children to join a self-help group in which other people share similar problems. These groups can provide both information and support during the difficult times that everybody with these problems goes through. It is obvious that it cure the anorexia easily if the suffers didnt hurt too much. Bibliography:Insel, P. M., Roth, W. T. (1996). Core Concepts in Health. Toronto: Mayfield. Gill, K. B. (1995). Who suffers from anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia, 275-276. Zerbe, J. Y. (1997). Eating Disorders. Harvard College Research Groups. http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/1997/h97-eat1.html